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2.9. Methods of operation

Running in of the new car

 PERFORMANCE ORDER

To provide reliability and durability of the car in operation, throughout the first 1000 km of a run it is necessary to follow the following rules:
  1. Do not start on full gas, avoid sharp dispersals;
  2. You do not brake too sharply. Normal extra earnings of new brake shoes happens over a run in 200 km during which it is necessary to brake, whenever possible, smoothly and with average intensity.

After repair or replacement of the engine, and also after replacement of brake shoes it is necessary to observe similar restrictions and recommendations.

Gas station of the car

Type of the applied fuel

See Governing bodies and methods of operation.

Gas station of the fuel tank

Gasoline is flammable and explosive substance. Careless handling of gasoline can lead to burns or other serious injuries. When filling the fuel tank switch off the engine and you do not bring close to an open mouth the heated or sparking objects, you do not smoke in the territory of gas station. Carry out all operations on service of fuel system only in the open air. At hit of splashes of gasoline on open sites of skin or on paint and varnish surfaces of body elements it is necessary to wipe them with dry rags immediately.

The filling mouth of the fuel tank is located on the left side of the car therefore it is necessary to approach a fuel-dispensing column at gas station the left board.

 PERFORMANCE ORDER

  1. Open the hatch of a filling mouth of the fuel tank.
  2. Slowly turning, uncover a jellied mouth.

Otvorachivany covers can be followed by the characteristic hissing sound arising at an exit from a tank of fuel evaporations.

  1. On some models presence of the special holder who settles down on inside of the hatch is provided and it is intended for temporary fastening of a cover of a mouth of the fuel tank during gas station of the car.
  2. Gas station should be stopped at once as soon as there was an automatic switching off of the pump of a fuel-dispensing column. Do not try to fill a tank over norm, - leave free space for expansion of fuel when heating.
  3. Close a filling mouth of the fuel tank a cover and properly tighten it.
  4. Close the hatch and press it for a lock clamp zashchelkivaniye.

Opening of a cowl

See the Section Access, protection.

Control operations

Control of level of motive oil

The description of check of level of oil is provided in the Head Nastroyki and routine maintenance of the car.

Control of level of cooling liquid

The description of check of the OZh level is provided in the Head Nastroyki and routine maintenance of the car.

Transportation of goods in the car

The car is equipped with several capacities intended for placement of the transported objects.

The ware offices located in interior of the car are intended for placement of small objects. The main and additional ware boxes (see the Section Equipment of Salon), door pockets, and also pockets which are built in the dashboard belong to their number.

Large-size objects should be placed in the luggage compartment of the car. Transportation of lengthy objects becomes possible thanks to a folding design of backs of a back seat.

It is necessary to remember, however, that the wrong transportation of freights can negatively affect controllability and stability of the car and, therefore, to reduce safety. Before transporting this or that freight in the car, study information given below.

Transportation of goods

Maximum loading capacity of the car

Excess of the maximum admissible loading capacity of the car or the wrong placement of freight in can become the reason of road accident and lead to traumatizing and even death being in interior of the car of the driver or passengers. Do not exceed the maximum admissible value of weight gross when loading the car, and also other restrictions mentioned in the present manual.

In transit freights in the car it is necessary to consider that the full mass of the car should not exceed the maximum admissible value. The full mass of the car includes: the equipped mass of the car, mass of the driver and passengers, mass of the hook-on device installed on the car, and also the mass of the trailer falling on it. At any options of loading of the car of load of axes also should not exceed extreme admissible values. Information on the maximum admissible values of full weight and axial loadings is given in the certified label which is usually fixed on a rack In the car (see the Section Identification numbers of the car).

Transportation of goods in interior of the car

Reliably fix all objects placed in interior of the car, in order to avoid their shift in case of road accident.

Do not place large-size objects on the back shelf of salon, - they narrow to the driver the sector of the review and can be dumped forward at collision and sharp braking.

Make sure that the objects laid on the floor behind front seats cannot be rolled forward and under no circumstances are not capable to prevent the driver to manipulate freely pedals of management, and also cannot break correctness of adjustment of provision of front seats and work of the SRS system.

You hold a ware box during the movement closed.

Transportation of goods in the luggage compartment or on the luggage carrier installed on a car roof

Try to distribute freight evenly, placing baggage it is possible closer to seats. Heavy freights always have to settle down from below, on half of the luggage compartment. Reliably record the transported objects a strong cord that they could not be displaced on the run of the car. Never stack baggage higher than the level of seatbacks.

In transit large-size or lengthy objects at the put back seats, try to fix reliably them a strong cord to prevent freight shift during emergency brake application of the car.

The description of operations of folding of backs of back seats and installation them in a starting position is provided in the Section Equipment of Salon.

In need of transportation of the lengthy objects which are not allowing to close a back door you remember that the fulfilled engine gases can get to interior of the car, - carry out the appropriate measures of precaution (see the Section Equipment of Salon).

At placement of freight on the luggage carrier installed on a car roof track that the cumulative mass of baggage did not exceed admissible value. Remember that the center of mass of the car when loading the top luggage carrier is displaced, and running characteristics of the car change.

Start of the engine

Petrol models

Standard start

 PERFORMANCE ORDER

  1. Cock the parking brake.
  2. At a low temperature of air switch off everything auxiliary consumers of electric energy to reduce load of the rechargeable battery.
  3. On the models equipped with RKPP squeeze out a coupling pedal against the stop and include neutral transfer.
  4. On models with AT make sure that the lever of the selector is installed in situation "P" or "N" and squeeze out a pedal of a foot brake.
  5. Without squeezing out the accelerator pedal, turn a key in the ignition lock in situation "III" and include a starter. If the engine was not started at once, continue to scroll a bent shaft a starter, remembering that duration of continuous functioning of a starter should not exceed 15 seconds. The repeated attempt of start should be made not less than ten seconds later, - the pause is necessary for cooling of an electric motor of a starter.
  6. If the engine does not manage to be started during the continuous work of a starter within 15 seconds, or the started engine at once becomes deaf, try to execute start at the accelerator pedal which is squeezed out to a half. After successful start of the engine release the accelerator pedal to avoid sharp increase in turns.
  7. If it is not possible to start the engine still, completely squeeze out the accelerator pedal and hold it in the pressed situation during the whole time of functioning of a starter, - it will help to remove the excess fuel which got to the inlet pipeline and cylinders of the engine. Duration of continuous work of a starter, as well as in the previous cases, should not exceed 15 seconds. If the engine is not started after a purge of cylinders, once again try to start it at partially squeezed out accelerator pedal. Right after implementation of start release a pedal.
  8. Operation of system of an immobilization of start is demonstrated by activation of the corresponding control lamp on an instrument guard of the car (see the Section Dashboard), - turn a key to the left and take it from the lock, then repeat attempt.

Features of start of the engine in cold weather in the conditions of highlands (height above sea level more than 2400 m)

At a low temperature of air start of the engine is at a loss. In the conditions of highlands where air is strongly discharged, start of the engine becomes complicated in addition. Instructions which need to be followed at start of the engine in the considered conditions are given below.

 PERFORMANCE ORDER

  1. Switch off everything auxiliary consumers of electric energy to reduce load of the rechargeable battery.
  2. Squeeze out the accelerator pedal to a half and hold it in this situation during the whole time of scrolling of a bent shaft of the engine a starter. Duration of continuous inclusion of a starter should not exceed 15 seconds. After implementation of successful start of the engine gradually release the accelerator pedal, without allowing substantial increase of turns.
  3. If the engine is not started, squeeze out the accelerator pedal against the stop and hold it in the pressed situation during the whole time of functioning of a starter. Duration of continuous work of a starter, as well as in the previous case, should not exceed 15 seconds. If the engine is still not started, repeat the attempt described above.
  4. At a negative temperature of air or if the car was not used within several days, let's the engine get warm within 3 ÷ 4 minutes, only after it begin the movement.

Diesel models

 PERFORMANCE ORDER

  1. Cock the parking brake.
  2. Switch off everything auxiliary consumers of electric energy to reduce load of the rechargeable battery.
  3. On the models equipped with RKPP squeeze out a coupling pedal against the stop and include neutral transfer.
  4. On models with AT make sure that the lever of the selector is installed in situation "P" or "N" and squeeze out a pedal of a foot brake.
  5. Without squeezing out the accelerator pedal, turn a key in the ignition lock in situation II, wait for switching off of a control lamp of preheat (see the Section Dashboard), then turn a key in situation III and carry out start of the engine.
  6. Before making repeated attempt of start the key should be returned to situation "•" and to take from the lock.

Five-step manual box of gear shifting

At movement along the road with a slippery covering the engine or excessively sharp dispersal can lead intensive braking to loss of control over the car and accidents therefore the people who are in the car can be seriously injured. Observe extra care at the movement along the road with a covering which is not providing due coupling with car wheels.

For ensuring smooth and unaccented switching all transfers of the forward course are synchronized. After transfer of the lever of switching of the transmission to the provision of the following transfer smoothly release a coupling pedal. During the movement on the chosen transfer completely remove a leg from a coupling pedal in order to avoid premature wear of components of coupling.

Include transfer of a backing only after a full stop of the car. The attempt to include a reverse on the run can lead to serious damage of the transmission. Before turning on of the reverse gear completely switch off coupling and sustain short (in several seconds) a pause.

Instead of a pause it is possible to make short inclusion of one of forward transfers. The described methods of inclusion of a backing allow to prevent shock turning on of the reverse gear because of residual rotation of gear wheels.

For delay of the car it is possible to use braking by the engine, having switched the transmission to one of the lowered steps. Braking by the engine allows to control the speed of the movement of the car at the safe level and prevents an overheat of brake mechanisms at the movement on long descents with a considerable bias. Switch the transmission to the lowered steps consistently, in process of reduction of speed not to allow excess of the most admissible frequency of rotation of a bent shaft. The arrow of a tachometer should not come into a red zone of a scale. In all cases it is necessary to be guided by values of the maximum admissible speed of the car on the corresponding transfers.

The recommended gear shifting moments

Try to move on the highest transfer providing in specific road conditions normal functioning of the engine at uniform motion and a possibility of smooth dispersal of the car. Following of this recommendation will provide high profitability of the car and effective work of the EGR system. At the movement in the city the 4th transfer should be included at achievement of the speed of 50 km/h.

The most admissible speeds of the movement of the car on various transfers

You watch timeliness of gear shifting, - try not to allow calling of an arrow of a tachometer the range of a measuring scale highlighted in red color.

In order to avoid breakage of the engine before transfer switching, be convinced that the arrow of a tachometer does not exceed the most admissible speed of the movement on this transfer and is not in a red zone of a scale.

Automatic transmission

On cars of the considered brand the four-stage hydromechanical automatic transmission with an electronic and hydraulic control system is installed. The control system of the transmission provides timely and smooth switching of all steps of the forward course.

Provisions of the lever of the selector of ranges

The lever of the selector of ranges of AT can be in one of seven fixed provisions At start of the engine the lever has to be only in situation "P" or "N". Moving of the lever to situation "P" and from it, and also in situation "R", is possible only at the lifted clamp located under the lever handle If the stop of the car is made when AT included one of ranges of the movement "D", "3", "2", "1", "R", or "N", it is necessary to release completely the accelerator pedal and to squeeze out a brake pedal for reliable braking of the car.

Provisions of the lever of the AT selector

When switching ranges of the automatic transmission move the lever along the directing groove. The lever of switching of ranges is blocked in situation "P" if the ignition key is turned in situation "O" or "I". In this case a lever conclusion from situation "P" is impossible even when squeezing a pedal of a brake.

Situation "P". In this position of the lever of the selector of ranges of AT there is a mechanical blocking of a secondary shaft of transmission. Always you transfer the lever of the selector of ranges to situation "P" at switching off or start of the engine. To bring the lever of the selector of ranges out of situation "P", it is necessary to squeeze out a brake pedal, previously having released the accelerator pedal. Pull a clamp up and bring the lever out of situation "P". If after performance of all listed above actions it is still not possible to bring the lever out of situation "P", it is necessary to unblock it, following the instructions stated below.

Situation "R". Methods of management of the lever of the selector of ranges of AT at its transfer to situation "R" (Backing) from situation "P" are described above. You make turning on of the lever in situation "R" from situation "N" only after a full stop of the car.
AT are usually equipped with the special safety device which does not allow to move incidentally the lever to situation "R" if the speed of the car exceeds value 10 ÷ 12 of km/h.
If the backing does not join after a full stop of the car, squeeze out a pedal of a brake and slowly move the lever of the selector of ranges of AT at first to situation "N", then to situation "R".
At malfunction of the safety device, and also at the rechargeable battery disconnected from onboard network or discharged it is impossible to include backing range. In this case it is necessary to remove blocking of inclusion of range of a backing, following the instructions stated below.

Situation "N". Use situation "N" at start of the decayed engine on the run and at short stops of the car with the working engine. If for any reason it is necessary to depart from the car, previously transfer the lever of the selector of ranges to situation "P". At a lever conclusion squeeze out a brake pedal of situation "N".

At start of the engine it is necessary to squeeze out of situation "N" in addition a pedal of a foot brake, or to cock the parking brake.

The electronic control system of AT for the purpose of economy of fuel consumption provides automatic internal switching of a box in situation "N" when finding the lever of the selector in situation "D", "3", "2" and "1" when the accelerator pedal is released, the car is not mobile and the pedal of a foot brake is squeezed out (for example, the parking on the traffic light). Otpuskany brakes and activation of the accelerator pedal brings to start-off of the car from the place.

Situation "D". In this situation the lever of the selector of ranges has to be constantly at the movement of the car in normal road conditions. In the range of "D" automatic gear shifting of the forward course in all range of transfers depending on the speed of the movement of the car and extent of pressing an accelerator pedal is provided. During the movement of the car it is possible to notice what automatic switchings to the highest transfers occurs later, that is at higher speeds of the movement if the engine of the car is not warmed up up to the normal working temperature yet. This function provides more bystry warming up of the engine.

Situation "3". If the lever of the selector of ranges is included in the provision "3", AT functions similar to a case of inclusion of range of "D". Difference consists that transition to the fourth transfer is excluded. Range "3" is recommended to be used at towage of the trailer in the hilly area or for braking implementation by the engine on descent of the considerable steepness. Inclusion of range "3" is useful also for an exception of excess cyclic switchings of AT between the third and fourth transfers, for example, at the movement in a dense transport stream with frequent delays and stops of the car.
For sharp dispersal of the car during the operation of the transmission in the range of "D" or "3" squeeze out the accelerator pedal against the stop. At this AT will automatically pass to adjacent lowest transfer (kickdown mode). If the speed of the car is small, then the transmission can switch to two steps down at once.

Situation "2". At inclusion of range "2" the possibility of switching of transmission to transfers above the 2nd step is blocked.
At inclusion of range "2" on the run of the car inclusion of the second transfer automatically is late and happens only after the speed of the car decreases to the safe level at which the frequency of rotation of a bent shaft of the engine will not exceed the most admissible value.

Situation "1". At inclusion of range of "1" AT will constantly work at the first transfer. If inclusion of range "1" is made at a speed more than 50 km/h, then transmission at first will switch to the second transfer. Inclusion of an intermediate step allows to exclude sharp and unexpected braking by the engine.

Maximum admissible speeds of the movement of the car

At excess of the maximum admissible values of speeds of gear shifting of the shooter of a tachometer comes into a red zone of a scale, pointing to excess of admissible turns of the engine. At this ECU begins to limit turns of a bent shaft, reducing fuel supply that can be felt on change of power setting. Operation of the engine returns to normal as soon as the arrow of a tachometer leaves a red zone of a scale.

In order to avoid breakage of the engine before transfer switching, be convinced that the arrow of a tachometer does not come for value of the most admissible speed of the movement on this transfer and is not in a red zone of a scale.

Sports mode of functioning of AT

At transfer of AT to the sports mode gear shifting happens at the raised engine turns. A transfer is made by means of the push-button switch S which is built in in the handle of the lever of the selector and is followed by operation of the control lamp which is built in in a combination of devices over fuel consumption measuring instrument. For return to economy mode of functioning of transmission it is necessary to press the button S repeatedly.

Button and control lamp of activation of the AT sports mode

Winter mode of functioning of AT

In the winter mode of functioning of AT start-off of the car from the place happens on the 3rd transfer. Activation of the mode is made by means of the AT selector of the push-button switch equipped with the built-in control lamp and located to the right of the lever with the pictogram put from above in the form of a snowflake. Start of X14NZ and X14XE engines is possible in situation "D". Start of X12XE, C14SEL and C16SEL engines is possible in provisions "P", "R", "N", "D" and "3".

Switching off of the winter mode on X12XE, C14SEL and C16SEL engines happens by repeated pressing the switch button, transfer of the lever of the selector to situation "2" or "1", and also at switching off of ignition. On X14NZ and X14XE engines switching off of the winter mode happens also at a speed over 80 km/h, sharp pressing the accelerator pedal during more than 2 sec., and also at transfer of the lever of the selector to situation "P", "3", "2" or "1". For the purpose of protection of transmission against internal damages automatic switching off of the winter mode happens also at ATF overheats.

Activation of the AT winter mode

Switching off of blocking of the lever of the selector of ranges

 PERFORMANCE ORDER

At shutdown of power supply or an excessive discharge of the rechargeable battery a selector lever conclusion from situation "P" becomes impossible. For an exit from this situation and removal of blocking of the lever act as follows:
  1. Switch off ignition and cock the parking brake;
  2. Release clamps and move on the 90th hail. to the right protective cover of the lever of the selector
  3. The small screw-driver or other suitable tool carefully wring out a stopper forward and bring the lever out of situation "P"
  4. Lower a protective cover and record it in the console panel;

Otpuskaniye of the stopper blocking the selector lever in situation "P"

For prevention of relock of the lever in situation "P" remove the cause of interruptions of food.

Refusals of functioning of AT

Operation of the corresponding control lamp on a combination of devices testifies to malfunctions of AT

At refusals of automatic switching of transmission the further movement can be continued in emergency operation, carrying out gear shifting manually by means of the selector lever. At the same time inclusion of the 2nd transfer is completely blocked and switching happens 1-3-4. At the same time the following scheme of a ratio of provisions of the lever takes place:
1 — the 1st transfer
2 — the 3rd transfer
3 — the 4th transfer
D — the 4th transfer
N — the Neutral
R — the Reverse
Р — Parking situation

For elimination of causes of failures of AT address specialists of car service.

When jamming

For release of the car which got stuck in sand, dirt, etc., at slightly pressed accelerator pedal you translate the selector lever between provisions "D" and "R". At the same time turns of the engine have to be minimum possible. Apply this function only in exceptional cases.

Parking of the car

Leaving the car on the parking, always you cock the parking brake. Remember that built in in an instrument guard To/L turning on of the parking brake, serves only for a reminder to the driver about need of an otpuskaniye of the last before a start of motion. Burning of a control lamp does not guarantee completeness of raising of the parking brake. In order to avoid spontaneous rolling the car on a bias be convinced that the parking brake is cocked properly.

 PERFORMANCE ORDER

  1. At first it is necessary to cock the parking brake, and then to turn on the first or reverse gear (models with RKPP) / to transfer the lever of the selector of ranges of the automatic transmission to situation "P". Such sequence of actions prevents casual start-off of the car, and on models with AT also excludes transfer of considerable load of the mechanism of blocking of a secondary shaft of transmission from skatyvayushchy force car, - unloading of the coupling of blocking of a secondary shaft of transmission provides at the subsequent start-off of the car simplicity of a conclusion of the lever from situation "P".
  2. At the parking of the car on rise, develop forward wheels from a border aside; at the parking on descent - to a border.
  3. Before a start of motion, be convinced that the parking brake is completely released. At the movement with not completely released parking brake the overheat and failure of brake mechanisms of back wheels is possible. Besides, it can lead to violation of serviceability of functioning of ABS.

Recommendation about the safe parking of the car

 PERFORMANCE ORDER

  1. Track that the movable panel of a roof and all windows were closed.
  2. Switch off all devices of lighting.
  3. Put baggage and valuable things in the closed offices, or take them with yourself.
  4. Lock locks of doors. On the models equipped with anticreeping system make sure of turning on of the indicator of system on the dashboard which demonstrates activation of the device.
  5. Do not leave the car with the working engine on the platforms covered with dry foliage, a high grass or other combustible materials. Remember that the case of the catalytic converter can be heated to very high temperature that is fraught with ignition.

Brake system

General information

The general information on the brake system is provided in the Head the Brake system.

Parking brake

The parking brake has the drive on back wheels of the car. The lever of raising of the parking brake is located in a back part of the central console between front seats of the car. The raising of the parking brake is followed by operation of the corresponding control lamp on a combination of devices (see the Section Dashboard), - do not forget to release the parking brake before a start of motion, previously having pressed the button located at a forward end face of the lever of the parking brake.

Recommendations about security measures at operation of the models equipped with ABS

ABS does not reduce a brake way of the car and is only capable to provide preservation of controllability of the car in the course of braking. In view of told it is necessary to support constantly a safe distance to ahead the going vehicle, proceeding from the speed of the car and specific conditions of the movement.

ABS does not prevent a side skid at sharp change of the direction of the movement of the car. For example, the car can enter a drift when passing turn at too high speed or at breakthrough of a wheel during change of a lane. Always support the safe speed of the vehicle, being conformed with a condition of a paving and traffic conditions.

ABS does not prevent loss of course stability of the car. In the course of emergency brake application avoid sharp breakthroughs of a steering wheel.

The brake way of the equipped ABS car can exceed a little habitual for models with the ordinary brake system. Told especially it is noticeable at the movement on fragile and uneven pavings (gravel, snow). At the movement in similar road conditions reduce speed and increase a distance to ahead the going vehicle.

Control lamp of violations of functioning of ABS

The structure of system of anti-blocking switched on the self-diagnostics block. Externally the procedure of self-diagnostics of system is shown by small pulsations of a foot brake right after start of the engine. Failure diagnostics of ABS is made also at each braking of the car.

At identification by system of any malfunction on the control panel the corresponding control lamp lights up. Operation of a control lamp demonstrates that ABS is disconnected. At the same time operability of the working brake system remains fully, except for function of automatic control of brake effort which is performed by ABS. If the control lamp of ABS does not die away after start of the engine or joins in time of the movement, follows at the first opportunity to address on the nearest car repair shop.

Joint inclusion of control lamps of ABS and failures of the brake system (raising of the parking brake) also means shutdown of function of regulation of brake effort that indicates existence of malfunctions both in ABS, and in the brake system. At the same time the brake system of the car will continue to provide rather adequate braking of the car, however it is necessary to avoid sharp squeezing of a pedal of a foot brake. Immediately address on the nearest car repair shop.

Recommendations about driving of the car in adverse weather conditions

Features of driving in adverse road conditions

Driving during a rain, in strong fog or snowfall demands from the driver of special skills, in view of decrease in coupling of wheels with a paving and deterioration in visibility. Constantly support the car in technically working order. At commission of trips to bad weather observe extra care.

Reduce speed and move more slowly, than usually in normal weather conditions on a dry paving. Remember that reactions of the car to management will be more sluggish and slowed down even if the paving looks only slightly damp. Try to influence all controls of the car smoothly. On a wet and slippery paving the sharp breakthrough of a steering wheel or careless squeezing of a brake pedal can lead to loss of control over management. At the beginning of a trip, still completely without having adapted to adverse weather conditions, show the increased care. It is especially useful to follow this rule at the movement during snowfall. It is necessary to remember that at operation of the car in warm season many useful skills of driving of the car on a slippery paving are forgotten that demands some time for their restoration.

Show extra care, driving the car during a rain as lack of practice during the dry period does not allow to be reconstructed and adapt a bridle manner for new conditions quickly.

The first rains after the long dry period do a paving especially slippery.

Review

For traffic safety in any weather conditions it is very important to have the good review in all directions. Your car has to remain always to well noticeable drivers of other vehicles, - remember that at movement along the route inclusion of passing beam will never prevent, even during daylight hours. It is more difficult to fulfill these requirements in adverse weather conditions.

Regularly check a condition of brushes of screen wipers and snuffled windshield washers. Constantly support the required level of cooling liquid in its tank. Use for gas station of system of washing of glasses only liquids, the recommended brands. You watch a condition of working elements of screen wipers, you make their replacement as soon as brushes cease to purify glass properly. For prevention of condensation of moisture on the internal surface of glasses use having blown in glasses air, in case of need turn on the air conditioner.

Coupling of tires with a paving

Regularly control air pressure in tires and degree of wear of protectors of tires (pattern depth). Both of these factors are extremely important from the point of view of good coupling of tires with a paving and prevention of the phenomenon of hydroplaning, that is sharp reduction of coupling with the road at entrance to pools. For ensuring the best controllability with the car and traffic safety at approach of a winter season use studded rubber.

During the movement constantly watch changes of road conditions which often are very unstable. Presence on the road of wet foliage can be not less dangerous, than ice. Often in appearance the pure and dry paving can ice over certain sites. Especially dangerous conditions develop at air temperatures an about 0th hail., when pools can alternate with frost that does behavior of the car especially unpredictable.

Be careful when switching the automatic transmission in the lowered range. On a slippery covering sharp inclusion of a low gear can lead to short-term pro-slipping of driving wheels and a drift of the car

Extra care and attention are required from the driver at commission of overtakings. Equally it is necessary to observe attentiveness, when overtaking your car by other vehicles. Splashes of water and dirt from under wheels of the overtaken truck can sharply worsen visibility through a windshield. The rush of a side wind during commission of overtaking of the truck or the bus is dangerous by loss of control over management.

Towage of the trailer

The wrong placement of baggage, and also transportation of too heavy freights on the car or the towed trailer can worsen considerably controllability and brake properties of transport means / road train that it is fraught with creation of an emergency on roads. Before a start of motion always attentively check correctness of loading of the car and trailer.

The models of cars considered in the present manual first of all are, of course, passenger and are intended for transportation of people and their baggage. However, at obligatory observance of a number of the general rules which are given below the Opel cars can be used also with success for towage of the trailer.

The full mass of the trailer including its own weight and mass of the freight placed in it should not exceed the extreme admissible mass of the towed trailer the Extreme admissible mass of the trailer depends on that, it is equipped with brake mechanisms, or not.

The maximum vertical load on the hook-on device of the car with a full mass of the trailer should not exceed 50 kgfs. For trailers with a full weight up to 500 kg it is necessary to follow the following rule: vertical load of a turnbuckle has to make about 10% of the full mass of the trailer. Adjust load of a car turnbuckle, as appropriate placing freight on the trailer. For a start it is recommended to place freight so that about 60% of its weight were ahead of a trailer axis, and 40% - behind. If the full mass of the trailer exceeds 500 kg, try to distribute freight on trailer length more evenly. Never load the trailer so that a back part of the trailer outweighed a lobby, - it leads to unloading of back wheels of the car that worsens coupling of tires with a paving.

The full mass of the car and the towed trailer should not exceed the corresponding maximum admissible values.

The full mass of the car includes: the equipped mass of the car, mass of the driver, passengers and baggage, mass of the hook-on device and the mass of the trailer falling on it. Remember that the mass of the additional equipment installed on the car and the mass of the trailer falling on a turnbuckle (at towage of the trailer), reduce payload capacity of the vehicle by the corresponding sizes.

The most reliable way of check of correctness of loading of the car and trailer is weighing. Load the car and the trailer as they are usually exploited as a part of the road train, and weigh them on cargo scales. Define values of full mass of the car and the trailer, and also masses falling on axes of the car and trailer. Compare results of measurements to nominal rates.

Hook-on device

Installation of the hook-on devices which are not corresponding on the standard sizes to mass-dimensional characteristics of the trailer, or incorrectly installed on the car, can become the reason of damage of body elements of the vehicle.

The design of the hook-on device intended for installation on your car has to meet completely all necessary requirements, in case of need consult at car repair shop of the Opel company.

The hook-on device has to fasten in several specially provided points on the basis of a car body that loadings from the towed trailer were distributed more evenly and fell on elements of strengthening of a body. It is forbidden to mount on the car the hook-on devices leaning only on a rear bumper which is not intended for perception of similar loadings. Installation of a turnbuckle has to be made by qualified personnel of car service.

Rear-view mirrors

Towage of the large-size trailer (Caravan type) usually demands installation on the car of additional rear-view mirrors with the extended arms. Specify the requirements of the local legislation and Traffic regulations concerning towage of trailers cars. Attach the trailer to the car and estimate extent of deterioration in a rearview through standard rear-view mirrors. If the review unsatisfactory, then for reasons of safety it is necessary to equip the special mirrors providing to the driver the adequate review of space behind the car.

Connection of the trailer to the car

If you are going to buy the trailer equipped with brake mechanisms, be convinced that they have the electric drive of management, - the design of the hydraulic drive of the working brake system of your car does not provide a possibility of connection to it of any additional contours, in particular, for actuating of brake mechanisms of the trailer. Any way of accession to a brake hydraulic actuator of the car of the brake system of the trailer what attractive it would not seem will lead to deterioration in efficiency of braking of the car and decrease in traffic safety.

Attaching the trailer to the car, always use a safety chain. The ends of a safety chain have to be reliably fixed to appropriate places on the dyshl of the trailer and on the hook-on device of the car. Track that the chain passed under dyshly the trailer, - it will prevent falling of the forward end of a dyshl on the road in case of a hitch rassoyedineniye. Free length of a chain has to be sufficient not to prevent commission of turns of the road train with the minimum radiuses, however, it is not necessary to allow drawings of a chain on the ground.

Devices of external lighting and alarm systems on the trailer

As on trailers of various brands various laying of an electrical wiring can be used, the equipment of a turnbuckle should be charged to specialists of car service. In certain cases installation of the adapter can be required.

Before connecting trailer electric equipment to the car power supply network, surely consult at car repair shop.

Preparation for towage of the trailer

 PERFORMANCE ORDER

  1. Before a start of motion it is necessary to make control survey and check of the car and trailer.
  2. Measure the vertical loading falling on the hook-on device, - use usual bathroom scales.
  3. Check reliability of fastening of a dyshl of the trailer and a safety chain.
  4. Check technical condition of tires and pressure of air in tires on the car and the trailer. The lowered air pressure in tires considerably worsens controllability of the car and the road train. At the same time check a state and pressure of air in a spare wheel.
  5. Having completely loaded and having attached the trailer to the car, make sure of lack of excessive "flash" of a back part of the car, - in case of need freight in the car/trailer.
  6. Check serviceability of functioning of devices of external lighting and the alarm system on the car and the trailer.
  7. Specify the operating restrictions of traffic regulations for the maximum speed of the movement of the road train as a part of the car and the trailer. Planning to make a trip around several countries, in advance get acquainted with features of the local requirements and restrictions concerning towage of the trailer the car as the restrictions can work in each country.

In the European countries restriction of speed of the movement of the road train as a part of the car and the trailer is established at the level of 100 km/h.

Security measures at towage of the trailer

It is necessary to consider that the brake way of the car towing the trailer increases. Therefore, moving with the trailer, you should support the increased distance to ahead the going car. Try to avoid sharp braking and turns. It can lead to folding of the road train or even a turning of the trailer.

Remember that road train length considerably exceeds length of the single car. At turn to the right leave between edge of a carriageway and wheels of the right board of the car the bigger distance, than usually is considerable to avoid arrival by trailer wheels on a border. Consider that at turn of the road train the trailer moves on an arch of smaller radius, than the car, and can run or collide an obstacle which the car freely passed. When overtaking other vehicle you do not hurry to come back to the row as it can lead to collision of the overtaken car with the trailer.

The road train, in comparison with the single car, is more sensitive to action of rushes of a side wind and aerodynamic indignations from other cars. If you are overtaken at great speed by the heavy truck or the road train, try to support rectilinear and uniform motion of the car. To reduce the aerodynamic indignations operating on the road train from ahead the going car reduce speed to leave a turbulent stream.

At towage of the trailer load of all main units and systems of the car increases. Therefore at frequent use of the car for towage of the trailer it is necessary to carry out periodic maintenance of the car according to the regulations characteristic of intense service conditions

Additional load of the car even more increases at operation of the road train in the hilly area. When overcoming long rises you watch closely temperature condition of the engine according to the arrow index on the control panel. At approach of an arrow of the index to an overheat zone, switch off the air conditioner (if it is equipped and included) and continue the movement. If temperature of cooling liquid of the engine does not decrease, or continues to increase, stop on a roadside and let's the engine cool down.

The conditioner of air should be switched off also at rapid increase in speed on descent at the movement in the hilly or hilly terrain. If temperature of cooling liquid of the engine constantly increases at the movement on the second transfer, reduce the speed of the movement below a mark of 60 km/h.

At the movement in the hilly or hilly terrain cyclic switching of the third and fourth transfers of automatic transmission can be observed. In this case it is necessary to pass into the lowered range "3" that will prevent an overheat and excessive wear of details of the AT frictional elements. In order to avoid an overheat of brake mechanisms at the movement on long descents use braking by the engine. For effective braking by the engine include the lowered range or one of the lowest steps of the automatic transmission.

At a road train stop on rise do not hold it on the place by pressing of a pedela of gas, - it can lead to AT overheat. Use the working brake system, or the parking brake.

At management of automatic transmission in the manual mode use the third, second and first transfers, being conformed with a speed of the movement of the car and road conditions. Towing the trailer, do not include the fourth transfer. The recommended high-speed ranges for use of various steps of the transmission are specified in Specifications.

At statement of the road train on the long parking, especially on descent or rise, take all precautionary measures for reliable braking of the car and the trailer. Turn forward wheels of the car so that when rolling the road train they rested against curbstone. Completely cock the parking brake and transfer the lever of the selector of ranges to situation "P". On the models equipped with RKPP turn on the first, or reverse gear. In addition enclose antiretractable boots under both wheels of the trailer.

The control of road train at the movement by a backing presents certain difficulties and demands from the driver of special skills and a training. Move a backing carefully and slowly, do not rotate excessively quickly steering wheel. When maneuvering by a backing in the constrained conditions it is useful that someone, standing outside, monitored movements of the trailer and directed your actions. Keep in mind that at rotation of a steering wheel clockwise (to the right) the trailer moves to the left and vice versa. When maneuvering the road train the backing recommends to hold a rim of a steering wheel from below (and not from above, as usual, at the movement by the forward course). At such successful fellow habitual compliance between the direction of turn of a steering wheel and the movement of the trailer remains: hand shift leads to turn of the trailer also to the left to the left and vice versa.